Table 5
The pathologic result in subgroups

OC* group (n=30) LC group (n=30) HALC group (n=30) P value (P<0.05)
Lymph node harvest 15.1±8.26 11.5±6.45 10.6±5.59 0.03
Lymph node metastasis 2.6±3.84 0.8±1.47 0.7±1.60 0.007
Proximal margin (cm) 13.0±6.67 11.0±8.11 9.8±5.72 0.193
Distal margin (cm) 4.2±4.05 9.1±7.23 2.7±2.13 0
Residual tumor at resection margin 0 (0%) 2 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Pathologic TNM stage 0.043
Stage 0 1 (3.3%) 4 (13.3%) 5 (16.7%)
Stage I 6 (20.0%) 10 (33.3%) 6 (20.0%)
Stage II 7 (23.3%) 6 (20.0%) 12 (40.0%)
Stage III 10 (33.3%) 9 (30.0%) 7 (23.3%)
Stage IV 6 (20.0%) 1 (3.3%) 0 (0%)
OC, open colectomy; LC, laparoscopic colectomy; HALC, hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy.