Table 2
Differences in bacterial species and their resistance rates based on sputum cultures between tertiary hospitals and smaller medical institutions

	Tertiary hospitals (n=106)	Smaller medical institutions (n=88)	P value
Species, no (%)
Staphylococcus aureus (total)	17 (16.0)	19 (21.3)	0.341
MRSA	16 (15.1)	14 (15.7)	0.164
Escherichia coli (total)	3 (2.8)	7 (7.9)	0.112
Escherichia coli (ESBL)	3 (2.8)	3 (3.4)	0.085
Klebsiella pneumoniae (total)	12 (11.3)	11 (12.4)	0.823
Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL)	8 (7.5)	3 (3.4)	0.162
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (total)	31 (29.2)	18 (20.2)	0.148
CRPA	17 (16.0)	5 (5.6)	0.072
Acinetobacter baumanii (total)	26 (24.5)	7 (7.9)	0.002
CRAB	24 (22.6)	4 (4.5)	0.001
Multi-drug resistant pathogen*	68 (64.1)	29 (32.9)	0.000
Resistance rates (%)
MRSA/S.aures (total)	94.1	73.7	0.101
E. coli (ESBL)/E. coli (total)	100	42.9	0.091
K. pneumoniae (ESBL)/K. pneumoniae (total)	66.7	27.3	0.059
CRPA/P. aeruginosae (total)	54.8	27.8	0.066
CRAB/A. baumanii (total)	92.3	57.1	0.021

Multi-drug resistant pathogen include MRSA, ESBL E. coli, ESBL K. pneumoniae, CRPA, and CRAB. MRSA, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aures; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; CRPA, carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosae; CRAB, carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.