Table 3. Recommendations from professional society guideline of surgical treatment for fecal incontinence (FI)

Treatment American college of Gastroenterology (ACG) American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS)
Anal sphincter repair Do not respond to conservative therapy, have anatomic sphincter defect Have defect of external anal sphincter
Redo anal sphincter repair Not addressed After failed overlapping sphincteroplasty should be avoided unless other treatments are not possible
Anatomic defect correction (prolapse, fistula, etc.) Not addressed Fistula, hemorrhoid, fistula or cloaca should be corrected for treatment of fecal incontinence.
Other surgeries Dynamic graciloplasty may allow patient with FI to avoid colostomy Insufficient to support the use of the magnetic sphincter
Colostomy Last resort procedure Have failed to other therapies