Active surveillance (AS) of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma was first suggested by Dr. Akira Miyauchi at Kuma Hospital in 1993. Based on several subsequent evidences, AS was approved by the American Thyroid Association in 2015. AS is no longer an experimental treatment but has become an acceptable standard of care for patients with low-risk thyroid cancers. No molecular markers, such as BRAF mutations, have been identified to predict the prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer. However, future molecular studies may reveal the relationship between genetic mutations and thyroid cancer prognosis. AS involves closely monitoring thyroid cancer over time, instead of immediately treating it with surgery. Patients and medical doctors should consider these two options: observation or surgery.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is common surgical disease in infants having vomiting. This disease is still not fully documented despite of various hypotheses. This article reviews the literature on the etiology, clinical course, diagnosis and management of IHPS including recent opinion.

Citations

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• A typical presentation of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis at rare age of 3-months in an infant without adequate medical consultation
  Bhavna Gupta
  Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports.2021; 67: 101821.     CrossRef
• A Natural Course of an Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis without Adequate Surgical Procedure
  Chun Woo Lim, Heung Keun Park, Jung-Sook Yeom, Taejin Park, Ji Sook Park, Eun-Sil Park, Ji-Hyun Seo, Jae Young Lim, Chan-Hoo Park, Hyang-Ok Woo, Hee-Shang Youn
  Journal of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons.2015; 21(2): 46.     CrossRef