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"Practice guidelines"

Original article

[English]
Comparison of 3 guideline lipid emulsion regimens for local anesthetic systemic toxicity: an in silico study of bolus duration, total dose, and treatment delay in intravenous bupivacaine overdose
Sunho Lim, Sooyoung Cho, Eunbi Cho
Received September 23, 2026  Accepted October 23, 2026  Published online October 30, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12771/emj.2026.01648    [Epub ahead of print]
Purpose
Lipid emulsion is the only specific antidote for local anesthetic systemic toxicity, but no dose-finding study has been conducted. We compared 3 published regimens and alternative schedules that deliver the same dose in different ways using a human model of intravenous bupivacaine overdose.
Methods
A 14-compartment human bupivacaine model was independently reimplemented without fitted parameters, replacing first-order lipid elimination with a saturable term. Toxicity was modeled as 112.5 mg administered intravenously over 3 minutes. Benefit was defined as the predicted maximum decrease in myocardial bupivacaine within 30 minutes, and harm as the predicted relative lipid load, indexed by peak plasma triglyceride concentration. Neither measure is a validated surrogate.
Results
The 3 guidelines specify the same doses but different bolus durations: 1 minute versus 2–3 minutes. At a matched dose of 12 mL/kg, myocardial bupivacaine decreased by 30.5% with the 1-minute bolus and 24.9% with the 2.5-minute bolus, with the same lipid load. The completed American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine regimen (7.64 mL/kg) achieved a 24.6% decrease versus 24.9% with 12 mL/kg; thus, complete regimens differ in schedule as well as dose. Repeating the 1-minute bolus twice, for a total of 4.5 mL/kg, achieved a 31.9% decrease with 62% less emulsion. Start time had the greatest effect: the best regimen achieved a 41.8% decrease when started at the end of the injection, but only 9.6% when started at 10 minutes.
Conclusion
In this bupivacaine model, bolus duration distinguished the regimens more than dose did, and delay had a greater effect than either, eliminating most of the benefit without changing the lipid load. Treatment should begin at the first signs of toxicity, and 20% lipid emulsion should be immediately available wherever local anesthetics are used.
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  • 26 Download
Guidelines
[English]
Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of scabies in Korea: Part 2. Treatment and prevention — a secondary publication
Jin Park, Soon-Hyo Kwon, Young Bok Lee, Hei Sung Kim, Jie Hyun Jeon, Gwang Seong Choi
Ewha Med J 2024;47(4):e72.   Published online October 31, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12771/emj.2024.e72

Treatment should be initiated for all suspected, clinical, or confirmed cases of scabies. Patients affected should be adequately isolated, and high-risk groups with close contact histories should be treated regardless of their symptoms. Optimal treatment strategies can be selected based on age, clinical subtype, and the patient's health status. In Korea, commercially available preparations for scabies treatment include topical 5% permethrin, topical 10% crotamiton, and oral ivermectin. Topical 5% permethrin is the first-line selective treatment for both classic and crusted scabies. Alternative treatments include topical 10% crotamiton and oral ivermectin. After completing treatment, follow-up visits at 2 and 4 weeks are recommended to monitor the therapeutic response. Treatment is considered to have failed if scabies mites or burrows are detected, new clinical characteristics develop, or there is an aggravation of pruritus. Scabies itch should be adequately managed with emollients, oral antihistamines, and topical corticosteroids. Preventive measures, including personal hygiene, patient education, and environmental control, should besd implemented to reduce the transmission of scabies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparative effectiveness of permethrin and ivermectin on pruritus and psychological outcomes in scabies: a prospective cohort of 600 adults
    Mustafa Esen, Abdullah Demirbas, Esin Diremsizoglu, Gozde Ulutas Demirbas
    Postgraduate Medicine.2026; 138(2): 224.     CrossRef
  • Microscopic clearance with ivermectin–permethrin combination vs. permethrin alone in noncrusted scabies: a retrospective cohort study
    Ye Ji Kim, Su Min Kim, Hyun Chul Jung, Sang Seok Kim, Chul Woo Kim
    Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.2026; 51(8): 1442.     CrossRef
  • 30,027 View
  • 238 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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