¹Centre for Statistics in Medicine, UK EQUATOR Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
²Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
³Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
⁴National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
⁵Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
⁶Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
⁷Department of Biomedical Data Science, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
⁸Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
⁹Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
¹⁰University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
¹¹Department of Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
¹²Patient representative, Health Data Research UK patient and public involvement and engagement group
¹³Patient representative, University of East Anglia, Faculty of Health Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
¹⁴Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁵Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
¹⁶Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
¹⁷Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK 18British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, London, UK 19Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK 20Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago
¹⁸British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, London, UK
¹⁹Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
²⁰Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
²¹Hardian Health, Haywards Heath, UK
²²Section for Clinical Biometrics, Centre for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
²³Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
²⁴Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
²⁵Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
²⁶Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
²⁷Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
²⁸National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK
²⁹The BMJ, London, UK
³⁰Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
³¹Department of Intelligent Medical Systems, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
³²Wellcome Trust, London, UK
³³Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
³⁴Department of Bioethics, Hospital for Sick Children Toronto, ON, Canada
³⁵Genetics and Genome Biology, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
³⁶Australian Institute for Machine Learning, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
³⁷Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, London, UK
³⁸Department of Health Policy and Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
³⁹Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
⁴⁰Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands

Corresponding author:  Gary S Collins,
Email: gary.collins@csm.ox.ac.uk

Received: 17 July 2025   • Revised: 30 July 2025   • Accepted: 30 July 2025